26
 min read

The Language of Hackers: Common Terms Employees Should Know

Learn key hacker terms like phishing, ransomware, botnets, and dark web to boost workplace cybersecurity awareness.
The Language of Hackers: Common Terms Employees Should Know
Published on
May 15, 2025
Category
Cybersecurity Training

Bridging the Cybersecurity Knowledge Gap

Cyber threats are escalating in both frequency and sophistication, and employees are often the first line of defense, or the weakest link, in organizational security. Studies show that human error remains the leading cause of data breaches. It's no surprise, then, that over 75% of targeted cyberattacks in 2024 now start with a phishing email. This means that a simple unwitting click by an employee can open the door to hackers. Business leaders are taking note: 67% of organizations worry their employees lack fundamental security awareness. In an era where a single compromised account can lead to a major incident, understanding the "language" of hackers, the common terms and tactics they use, is no longer just an IT concern, but a critical competency for all staff.

Learning hacker lingo isn’t about turning employees into cybersecurity experts. It’s about raising awareness so they can recognize threats and respond appropriately. Imagine an HR manager spotting a phishing email before it fools them, or a CEO who knows what ransomware is and proactively strengthens their company’s backups. When non-technical employees, from the front desk to the boardroom, understand these common hacker terms, they are better equipped to avoid pitfalls and support a culture of security. In this article, we’ll break down essential hacker and cybersecurity terms that every employee should know, in clear language. The goal is to empower HR professionals and business owners across all industries to foster informed teams that can sniff out scams and stop attacks before they escalate.

Social Engineering: The Human Element of Hacking

One of the most prevalent tactics hackers use doesn’t target firewalls or code, it targets people. Social engineering is the art of manipulating individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security. In plain terms, attackers “hack” human trust. They might pretend to be a colleague, an IT support person, or even a CEO, to trick someone inside a company. For example, during the notorious 2020 Twitter hack, attackers posed as IT staff and fooled real Twitter employees via phone calls, allowing them to take over high-profile accounts. This case starkly demonstrated how social engineering can circumvent even strong technical safeguards when employees aren’t prepared to spot the con. This highlights why regular cybersecurity training for employees is critical—helping them recognize manipulation tactics before they cause damage.

Common forms of social engineering attacks that employees should recognize include:

  • Phishing: By far the most common social engineering ploy. Phishing usually comes as fraudulent emails or messages that appear legitimate, but are crafted to trick you into clicking a malicious link or sharing login credentials. The email might impersonate your bank, a vendor, or a coworker, often creating a sense of urgency (“Your account will be closed if you don’t act!”). The goal is to steal sensitive data (passwords, account numbers) or install malware. Because phishing is so widespread, it’s crucial for employees to be suspicious of unexpected emails, double-check sender addresses, and never download attachments or click links from unknown or odd sources. Tip: Hover over links to see where they really lead, and when in doubt, verify with the supposed sender by a different channel.
  • Spear Phishing and Whaling: These are targeted phishing attacks. Spear phishing is personalized to a specific individual or role. Hackers might gather details from LinkedIn or company websites to craft a convincing message (for example, referencing a project you’re working on). Whaling is spear phishing aimed at big “whales”, typically executives or high-profile targets. An employee might receive an email that looks like it’s from their CEO urgently requesting a wire transfer (CEO fraud), when in fact it’s a scammer. Because the message is tailored and authoritative-sounding, people often fall for it. Always verify high-stakes requests through a second factor (a phone call, in-person confirmation) before taking action.
  • Business Email Compromise (BEC): A financially devastating variant of spear phishing. In a BEC scheme, attackers impersonate a trusted business contact or executive to trick employees into transferring money or sensitive data. For instance, a hacker might spoof the email of your company’s supplier and send an invoice with updated banking details, which actually route payments to the attacker’s account. Or they might fake a message from your CEO to finance: “Urgent: wire $50,000 to this account for a confidential deal.” BEC scams have cost companies billions; in fact, the FBI received over 21,000 BEC complaints in 2022 alone, with reported losses exceeding $2.7 billion. Employees should be trained to verify any unusual payment requests, no matter who appears to be asking. That could mean calling the supposed sender on a known phone number or confirming with a supervisor. A healthy skepticism can save the company from huge losses.
  • Pretexting and Other Cons: Pretexting involves an attacker creating a fabricated scenario or identity (a pretext) to persuade someone to hand over information or access. For example, a caller might claim “I’m from IT, and I need your login to fix an urgent system issue.” Without an appropriate verification process, an unsuspecting employee might comply. Other social engineering tactics include vishing (voice phishing via phone calls) and baiting (leaving infected USB drives labeled “Confidential” in public, hoping someone picks one up and plugs it in). The common thread is exploitation of trust and curiosity. The best defense is caution and company policies that encourage verification. Remember: legitimate support staff will never mind you double-checking their identity or will never ask for your password in plain text.

Social engineering succeeds by exploiting human nature, our tendency to be helpful, fearful of getting in trouble, or eager to please. That’s why creating a culture where employees feel comfortable slowing down and verifying requests is so important. Regular awareness training and even controlled phishing simulations can greatly improve vigilance. As the Twitter incident showed, any employee in any department can be targeted and one clever con can breach the whole organization. By knowing these hacker tactics by name, employees can more readily spot the red flags and stop a scammer in their tracks.

Malware: Malicious Software Threats

Not all cyber threats come politely knocking via email, some sneak in as hidden code. Malware is the blanket term for malicious software that hackers use to infiltrate or damage systems. Whenever you hear about a “computer virus” or “computer infection,” malware is at play. It can arrive through a phishing email attachment, a corrupted download, a rogue USB drive, or countless other delivery methods. Once inside, malware can do anything from spying on your keystrokes to corrupting files or opening a backdoor for attackers to control your device.

Every employee should be familiar with the major types of malware and their behaviors:

  • Virus: Much like a biological virus, a computer virus attaches itself to clean files and spreads to other files. It typically requires a user action to trigger (like opening an infected file), after which it can corrupt or delete data and then try to propagate to coworkers’ computers via your shared files or emails. Keeping antivirus software updated and not downloading unknown files helps mitigate this.
  • Trojan: Named after the Trojan Horse of myth, a Trojan disguises itself as legitimate software or file. You might think you’re installing a useful program (or opening what looks like an innocent attachment), but you’ve really let an enemy inside. Trojans often create a backdoor for attackers, meaning the hacker now has a secret route into your system to steal information or install additional bad software. Unlike viruses, Trojans usually do not self-replicate; they rely on tricking users into executing them. Always download software from trusted sources and be wary of unexpected “.exe” files or apps.
  • Worm: A worm is a self-replicating malware that doesn’t even need a user to click anything, it crawls through networks by itself, exploiting security holes. Worms can spread extremely fast over company networks and the internet, causing widespread damage. For example, the famous WannaCry worm spread to over 200,000 computers across 150+ countries in a single day in 2017, hijacking systems at companies like FedEx and even Britain’s National Health Service. Worms often carry a “payload” (malicious code that performs some action like encryption or destruction) as they spread. Keeping systems patched (updated) to fix vulnerabilities is key to stopping worms.
  • Spyware & Keyloggers: This type of malware hides in your system to spy on your activities. Spyware might track the websites you visit or silently monitor your keystrokes (a keylogger), looking to capture passwords, credit card numbers, and other private data. Often, you won’t notice anything wrong, the computer might not slow down or act strange, which is exactly what the hacker wants. Regular scans with anti-malware tools and paying attention to unusual computer behavior (like a sudden surge in pop-up ads or your webcam light turning on unprompted) can help detect spyware.
  • Adware: Not always as destructive as other malware, but still a nuisance and privacy risk. Adware is software that automatically displays or downloads advertisements on your device. Malicious adware can bombard you with pop-ups and redirect your browser to unsafe sites, and it often comes bundled with free software. Beyond the annoyance and productivity loss, adware can act as a tracking tool or gateway for more dangerous malware. If your work browser is suddenly full of unwanted toolbars or ads, IT should check for adware.

Malware infections can be costly, they might result in stolen data, lost work, or lengthy systems outages for clean-up. Regular updates, antivirus software, and cautious user behavior form a strong defense. For employees, one of the simplest rules is: Do not download or run programs unless they are authorized and from a reputable source. If a pop-up on the web says “Your computer is infected, click here to scan now!”, resist the urge; it’s likely trying to install malware. Instead, report it to IT. By knowing terms like virus, trojan, and spyware, staff can better understand IT advisories and follow safe practices.

Ransomware: Digital Extortion

Ransomware is one particular type of malware so destructive and prevalent that it deserves its own spotlight. In a ransomware attack, hackers infiltrate a system and encrypt all your important files, essentially locking you out of your own data. Then comes the ransom note: pay a sum (often in Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency) to get the decryption key, or say goodbye to your files forever. It’s digital extortion, plain and simple, and it’s become a scourge of businesses, government agencies, hospitals, and even critical infrastructure.

In recent years, ransomware attacks have grown both in number and impact. According to Verizon’s 2024 Data Breach Investigations Report, ransomware attacks accounted for 23% of all breaches and appeared as a top threat in 92% of industries analyzed. In other words, virtually every sector, from finance and healthcare to manufacturing and education, has been hit by this menace. No one is immune simply due to the type or size of their organization. If you have data worth stealing or operations worth disrupting, you can be a target.

The consequences of a successful ransomware attack are dire. Imagine walking into work to find every server, database, and PC displaying a ransom note. Operations grind to a halt. For example, the Colonial Pipeline attack in 2021 forced a major U.S. fuel pipeline offline for days, causing gas shortages in multiple states. And globally, earlier attacks like WannaCry and NotPetya in 2017 caused billions of dollars in damage, even crippling shipping and logistics companies. WannaCry infamously forced hospitals to turn away patients because their systems were inaccessible. This illustrates that ransomware isn’t just an “IT problem”, it can have real-world, operational impacts that every leader and employee can appreciate.

Key points employees should know about ransomware:

  • Ransomware often starts with phishing or another form of social engineering (a malicious email attachment, a dodgy link clicked, etc.). Sometimes it also comes through exposed remote desktop services or by hackers exploiting unpatched software vulnerabilities. This means that the same precautions to avoid phishing and malware apply: be very careful with email and keep software updated.
  • Once ransomware executes, it will rapidly encrypt files. You might notice your file names changing to weird extensions or a sudden inability to open files that were fine an hour ago. Then a ransom message appears, typically giving instructions to pay (often in cryptocurrency) to get the decrypt key. The ransom amount can range from a few hundred dollars for individuals, up to hundreds of thousands or millions for companies. Some attackers even threaten to publish stolen data (this is called double extortion, encryption plus data leak threats).
  • Paying the ransom is a bad option for many reasons. There’s no guarantee the criminals will unlock your files (plenty of cases where they vanish after payment), and you’re essentially funding and encouraging more crime. Many organizations, guided by law enforcement, choose not to pay and instead restore systems from backups, which underscores the critical importance of regular data backups that are kept offline or otherwise safe from the attack. If a company has a recent backup, they can wipe infected systems and restore data without rewarding the hackers.
  • Ransomware is constantly evolving. Some variants target not just your files but also the backups if they’re accessible, or they steal data before encryption. This is why incident response plans and drills are important, employees should know how to report unusual computer behavior immediately. The faster IT can isolate a suspected ransomware infection (like taking an infected machine off the network), the better chance of limiting the damage.

For business leaders and HR, ransomware also has a HR dimension: imagine the chaos of employees unable to work, or the pressure on IT teams scrambling to recover. It can be extremely stressful. Having a clear communication plan and support for teams during and after an incident is vital. From a preventative standpoint, continual security awareness training for staff (e.g. how to spot phishing emails that might carry ransomware) is one of the most effective measures. After all, if the ransomware never lands on an employee’s machine in the first place, the battle is won before it begins.

In summary, ransomware = locked files + ransom demand. Knowing this term and its implications helps employees understand why, for instance, they’re asked not to ignore software updates or why they must report weird computer behavior immediately. It’s because those small actions can prevent a catastrophe. Ransomware has been called an “epidemic” in cybersecurity, but with knowledge, vigilance, and good IT hygiene, organizations can greatly reduce their risk of becoming the next headline.

Denial-of-Service Attacks and Botnets

Not all hacker tactics are about stealthily tricking users or infiltrating systems. Some are brute-force attacks on availability, essentially using Internet traffic as a battering ram to knock services offline. The term for this is a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack, and when it involves many compromised computers acting in concert, it becomes a Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack. In a DDoS scenario, an attacker floods a target server (say, your company’s website or email server) with an overwhelming amount of traffic or requests, far more than it can handle. The target system slows to a crawl or crashes, unable to serve legitimate users. It’s like causing a massive traffic jam on purpose, real customers can’t get through because the roads (network) are clogged.

Employees outside of IT might wonder, “Why would hackers just overload a system? What’s the gain?” DDoS attacks are often used as a form of sabotage, extortion (attackers might demand a ransom to stop the attack), or even a smokescreen to distract IT while another intrusion is attempted. Sometimes, they are executed by hacktivists or angry competitors to disrupt business operations. For instance, major events and organizations have suffered DDoS attacks, from government agencies to gaming companies, resulting in downtime and lost revenue. During the Rio Olympics, for example, websites were barraged with DDoS traffic for months in an attempt to disrupt the event’s digital presence.

A term closely related to DDoS is botnet. A botnet is a network of private computers (the “bots”), infected with malware and controlled as a group without the owners’ knowledge. Hackers create botnets by spreading malware to as many devices as possible, these could be PCs, servers, even “Internet of Things” devices like security cameras. Once infected, each device quietly waits for commands from the attacker. When the hacker orders a DDoS attack, tens of thousands of these botnet devices might simultaneously send traffic to the target. It’s the difference between one person trying to jam a door versus a mob of thousands, sheer volume. Botnets can also be used to send spam emails or attempt to crack passwords, but in context of DDoS, they are the muscle behind the mayhem.

For employees, understanding DDoS and botnets has a few implications:

  • First, if your company’s website or systems suddenly become unreachable or slow for everyone, it could be a DDoS attack. It’s not something an individual employee can fix, but being aware it’s a possibility helps in communicating the issue (“Our network might be under attack” versus blaming the local IT equipment or internet provider immediately).
  • Second, your own devices should not become part of a botnet. This circles back to keeping malware out. If your work computer (or even a personal smart device connected to work networks) gets infected, it might be recruited into a botnet army. Up-to-date security software and following IT policies help ensure your device isn’t secretly zombified for such purposes. IT departments often monitor outgoing traffic patterns to detect if a device within the company is acting as a bot, but prevention is the best cure.
  • Third, when talking with IT or security vendors, you might hear terms like “DDoS protection” or “mitigation services.” Knowing what DDoS means will help you as a leader make informed decisions about these protections. Some enterprises invest in DDoS mitigation to absorb or filter malicious traffic before it hits their critical systems, much like having extra lanes and checkpoints to manage the traffic surge.

In summary, denial-of-service attacks are about disruption, not data theft. They demonstrate that not all cyber threats are aimed at stealing information; some are aimed at making your resources unavailable. Recognizing this threat is part of a well-rounded cybersecurity awareness. While the average employee can’t do much to stop a DDoS once it’s underway (that’s more on IT and the company’s internet service partners), being aware of it means staff and management can respond calmly and knowledgeably if one occurs (for example, activating incident response plans, informing customers, etc., rather than panic). It also reinforces why good cybersecurity practices, like preventing malware infections, matter, since those practices also keep your systems from being co-opted into the botnets that fuel such attacks.

Data Breaches and the Dark Web

Almost every week, headlines announce another “data breach” at some organization, but what exactly does that mean for a company and its employees? A data breach is an incident where confidential or sensitive information is accessed or stolen by unauthorized individuals. In other words, someone who shouldn’t have your data got it. This could happen via hacking (an attacker exploiting a vulnerability to get into a database), social engineering (stealing an employee’s credentials to log in and copy data), or even by accident (sending a sensitive report to the wrong email). Regardless of the cause, the outcome is the same: information that was meant to be private is now out in the wild.

For businesses, the repercussions of a data breach can be severe. Stolen customer data (like personal details, credit card numbers, health records) can trigger legal penalties, regulatory fines, and a loss of customer trust. Intellectual property or trade secrets might leak to competitors. Even employee information (SSNs, payroll data) can be compromised, leading to identity theft nightmares for staff. It’s no exaggeration to say a major breach can jeopardize an entire company’s future. That’s why boards and executives are so concerned with improving cyber defenses and why you’ll hear about standards like encryption, network segmentation, and strict access controls, all aimed at preventing breaches or minimizing damage if one occurs.

A term often mentioned alongside data breaches is the “dark web.” The dark web is a part of the internet that isn’t indexed by search engines and is accessible only through special software (like Tor browser) that anonymizes users. It is often used for illicit purposes. When data is stolen in a breach, it frequently ends up being sold or shared on dark web marketplaces. For instance, if hackers steal a million usernames and passwords from a company, they might auction that database on the dark web to other criminals. There’s a whole underground economy where breached data, credit card numbers, login credentials, Social Security numbers, etc., are traded. So if IT says “we found our data on the dark web,” it usually confirms that a breach has occurred and the information is circulating among bad actors.

Here are some key points about breaches and the dark web that employees and leaders alike should know:

  • “Have I Been Pwned?”, You might hear this cheeky term “pwned” (pronounced like “poned”) which is hacker slang for “owned” or thoroughly defeated. In the context of data breaches, being pwned means your account data was compromised in a breach. There’s even a popular website Have I Been Pwned where you can enter your email to see if it appears in known breached datasets. Organizations often encourage employees to use such tools to check if their work or personal credentials have been leaked, so they can change passwords immediately. It’s a good practice to periodically update passwords and not reuse them across sites, because if one site is breached and your password stolen, hackers will try that same password elsewhere (a tactic called credential stuffing).
  • Password Policies and Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Data breaches frequently expose user passwords, which is why companies push for strong, unique passwords and MFA. A leaked password is of no use to hackers if it’s unique to the breached site (they can’t use it to get into your email or corporate VPN, for example) and if your account is protected by MFA. Employees might feel annoyed by mandatory password changes or MFA prompts, but understanding the why helps: these measures contain the damage of breaches. According to reports, a huge portion of breaches occur because of lost or stolen credentials. Even the best firewalls won’t help if an attacker can simply log in with a legitimate username/password. So take password rules seriously, they’re not arbitrary bureaucracy but a direct response to how hackers operate.
  • Encryption: This term might sound technical, but it often comes up when talking about protecting data. Encryption is a way of scrambling data so that only someone with the correct key can read it. If sensitive data is encrypted and a breach happens, the stolen info is much less useful to the thief (it looks like gibberish without the decryption key). Employees might encounter encryption in their day-to-day (for example, encrypted messaging apps, or noticing a padlock icon in their browser which means web traffic is encrypted). In businesses, databases and laptops are often encrypted as a safeguard. For staff, the main thing is to follow protocols (don’t turn off encryption or send sensitive data through unapproved, unencrypted channels). Hackers certainly know what encryption is, sometimes they use it against victims (like ransomware), but organizations also use it to protect data from hackers.
  • Incident Response: When a breach happens, companies go into emergency mode, incident response. You might hear terms like “containment, remediation, forensic analysis”. It’s useful for employees to know that if a breach is suspected or confirmed, there will be a structured response that could involve taking systems offline temporarily, notifiable authorities, and communication plans for customers. Transparency and cooperation are key. If you as an employee notice something (like seeing files you shouldn’t have access to, or someone’s downloading large data sets oddly), report it immediately. Many breaches are identified because an observant employee spoke up. And if management asks staff to assist in the investigation or to follow new temporary security measures post-breach, understanding the gravity can help ensure everyone cooperates fully.
  • Personal Vigilance: A breached company often provides guidance to those affected, such as “change your passwords, watch out for phishing emails claiming to be support, consider identity monitoring,” etc. By knowing that stolen data likely heads to the dark web, employees can be on guard for follow-on fraud. For instance, if your corporate email was in a breach, you might suddenly get targeted phishing emails referencing that company (“Since you were a customer of XYZ, click here for a refund…” which is actually a scam leveraging breach data). Awareness of how breaches lead to secondary attacks will encourage employees to be cautious if they receive any unusual communications in the aftermath.

In essence, “data breach” is a term you never want to hear about your own organization, but it’s critical to understand what it entails and how to react. It’s not just an IT disaster; it’s a business and reputational crisis. The more everyone from the CEO to entry-level staff knows about preventing and responding to breaches, the better positioned the company will be to weather such a storm. And knowing the lingo, breach, dark web, encryption, etc., means when the security team communicates about these issues, employees will grasp the seriousness and take the right actions.

Final thoughts: Building a Cyber-Aware Culture

In today’s hyper-connected world, cybersecurity is everyone’s responsibility. We’ve decoded the language of hackers, from phishing and ransomware to botnets and the dark web, not to scare employees, but to empower them. When employees and leaders speak this language, even at a basic level, it demystifies cyber threats. They no longer sound like abstract IT problems; instead, they become recognizable situations that we know how to handle or at least respond to with caution. An accounts payable clerk who knows what a BEC scam email looks like can spot an impostor and raise the alarm. A plant manager who understands the term “ransomware” will appreciate why that network backup drill last week was so important. Knowledge truly is power here.

Building a cyber-aware culture means making security a regular topic of conversation and training in the workplace. Rather than one-off annual trainings that employees quickly forget, effective organizations integrate awareness year-round, newsletters with recent scam examples, phishing simulation exercises to keep everyone on their toes, and an environment where employees feel safe reporting a potential incident or even an honest mistake (like clicking something they shouldn’t have). Such reporting should be met not with blame, but with quick support to mitigate any damage. Remember, attackers are constantly evolving their tactics, even leveraging new technologies like AI to create more convincing lures. A cyber-aware workforce must evolve too, and that comes through continuous learning.

The good news is that these efforts pay off. Studies have found that companies see marked improvements in their security posture after implementing comprehensive awareness programs. When 89% of organizations report better security after investing in training, it’s clear that educating employees is one of the best defenses available. Humans can be a liability, but they can also be the strongest asset, a “human firewall”, when armed with the right knowledge and mindset. Each term an employee learns is like another tool in their toolbox to recognize and counter a threat.

For HR professionals and business leaders reading this, the takeaway is to treat cybersecurity awareness as you would any other crucial professional development. Just as you ensure employees know workplace safety protocols or compliance rules, ensure they also know what to do when a suspicious email arrives, or what it means if IT says “we have a possible breach.” Use the hacker language as a teaching tool, it can even be made engaging, with quizzes or games (for example, a trivia challenge on security terms). Leadership should openly support these initiatives, so employees see that “cyber-aware culture” isn’t just an IT project, but a core part of how the company operates.

In conclusion, hackers might be constantly sharpening their tools, but an informed and vigilant team can blunt even the sharpest attack. By understanding the common terminology and tactics of cyber criminals, employees at all levels become more than just potential targets, they become active participants in securing the enterprise. In the face of phishing, malware, and whatever new threats emerge tomorrow, a company’s collective awareness and preparedness can mean the difference between a close call and a catastrophe. So keep learning, stay alert, and never underestimate the value of speaking the language of hackers before they speak to you.

FAQ

What is social engineering in cybersecurity?

Social engineering is the manipulation of people into giving away confidential information or performing actions that compromise security. It relies on trust, fear, or urgency rather than hacking technology, and includes tactics like phishing, spear phishing, and business email compromise.

How does ransomware affect businesses?

Ransomware encrypts a company’s files, locking users out until a ransom is paid. It can halt operations, cause financial losses, and damage reputation. Preventative measures include regular backups, staff training, and up-to-date security patches.

What is a botnet, and why is it dangerous?

A botnet is a network of compromised devices controlled by hackers. It can be used for large-scale attacks like Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) to flood systems with traffic, rendering them unavailable to legitimate users.

What happens when a company suffers a data breach?

A data breach occurs when unauthorized individuals access sensitive data. Stolen information may end up on the dark web for sale. Breaches can lead to financial loss, legal penalties, and identity theft risks for customers and employees.

Why should employees learn hacker terminology?

Knowing common hacker terms helps employees recognize and respond to threats quickly, reduces human error, and supports building a cyber-aware culture that strengthens organizational security.

References

  1. Alger J. 67% of organizations say employees lack basic security awareness. Security Magazine. https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/101154-67-of-organizations-say-employees-lack-basic-security-awareness
  2. Terranova Security. 130 Cyber Security Statistics: 2024 Trends and Data. Terranova Security Blog.  
    https://www.terranovasecurity.com/blog/cyber-security-statistics
  3. Verizon. 2024 Data Breach Investigations Report (Executive Summary). Verizon. https://www.verizon.com/business/resources/reports/2024-dbir-executive-summary.pdf
  4. New York State Department of Financial Services. Twitter Investigation Report: Investigation of Twitter’s, 2020 Cybersecurity Incident. https://www.dfs.ny.gov/Twitter_Report
  5. Cloudflare. What was the WannaCry ransomware attack? Cloudflare Learning Center. https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/security/ransomware/wannacry-ransomware/
  6. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Internet Crime Complaint Center). 2022 Internet Crime Report. FBI.  
    https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2022_IC3Report.pdf
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